Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2017,8, 264–271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.29
.8.29 Abstract Zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion using urea as an organicfuel. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements
combustion using urea as an organicfuel and metal nitrates as oxidizer, to produce high-purity ZrO2 nanoparticles. This method was used with intent to produce stable nanoparticles with high catalytic activity. Also, Pt was doped into the ZrO2 lattice by solution combustion to scrutinize the ZrO2 material as
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Figure 1:
XRD patterns of (a) ZrO2, and (b) Pt(1%)-ZrO2.
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2014,5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153
exchange membranes; direct alcohol fuel cells; direct borohydride fuel cells; electrocatalysts; liquid fuel cells; organicfuel; proton exchange membranes; Introduction
Fuel cells are considered to be one of the key elements of the “hydrogen economy”, in which hydrogen generated from renewable energy
[5]. The main issue is the formation of carbon deposits on the anode, which is thermodynamically favorable under the reaction conditions [6]. At these temperatures organic fuels exist as vapors and therefore direct organicfuel SOFCs will not be discussed in this paper.
The most widely used fuel
”) [40][41].
Direct hydrocarbon fuel cells
Saturated hydrocarbons are attractive fuels for LFCs due to their extremely high energy density (9–10 kWh/L for full oxidation), abundance, low costs and the existing infrastructure. Early works on direct organicfuel cells were aimed at the use of liquid
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Figure 1:
The electrochemistry and major components of liquid fuel cells with proton (a), alkaline (b) and so...